Russo-Ukrainian war-2022
On 24 February 2022, during the Russo-Ukrainian war, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, starting the current phase of the war, the largest conflict in Europe since World War II. By April 2022, dell T05W1 battery
dell H5CKD battery the invasion’s initial goal of a rapid Russian victory via decapitation had failed, with Ukraine pushing back the northern arm of the invasion and preventing the capture of Kyiv. Following this, the war transitioned to more conventional fighting in the south and east of Ukraine.[8] dell M7R96 battery
In a televised address, Russian president Vladimir Putin announced the invasion, calling it a “special military operation”. He said that its purpose was to support the Russian-backed breakaway republics of Donetsk and Luhansk, whose paramilitary forces had been fighting Ukraine in the war in Donbas since 2014. dell RRCGW battery
dell YRDD6 batteryPutin espoused irredentist and imperialist views challenging Ukraine’s legitimacy as a state, baselessly claimed that the Ukrainian government were neo-Nazis committing genocide against the Russian minority in the Donbas, and said that Russia’s goal was to “demilitarise and denazify” Ukraine.[9][10][1dell 1P6KD battery
1][12]
In late 2021, Russia massed troops near Ukraine’s borders and issued demands to the West including a ban on Ukraine ever joining the NATO military alliance.[13] After repeatedly denying having plans to attack Ukraine, on 24 February 2022, Russian air dell WJ5R2 battery
dell DXGH8 batterystrikes and a ground invasion were launched on a northern front from Belarus towards the capital Kyiv, a southern front from Crimea, and an eastern front from the Donbas and towards Kharkiv. Ukraine enacted martial law, ordered a general mobilisation, and severed diplomatic relations with Russia. dell 357F9 battery
Russia’s invasion plan involved defeating Ukraine within ten days and capturing or killing its government, followed by “mopping up” operations, establishing filtration camps for Ukrainians, setting up occupation regimes, trying and executing people involved in the Revolution of Dignity, and annexation.[14] dell D2VF9 battery
dell 6GTPY battery [15][16][17] Whilst the invasion failed its main goal of a rapid victory, as Ukraine pushed back the northern arm of the invasion and prevented the capture of Kyiv, Russia maintained a military occupation of the southeast of Ukraine, and several months after the invasion, unilaterally declared the annexation of four Ukrainian oblasts. dell G4YJM battery
The invasion was met with widespread international condemnation. The United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution condemning the invasion and demanding a full Russian withdrawal. dell F7HVR battery
dell 93FTF battery The International Court of Justice ordered Russia to halt military operations, and the Council of Europe expelled Russia. Many countries imposed sanctions on Russia and its ally Belarus and provided humanitarian and military aid to Ukraine. The Baltic states and Poland declared Russia a terrorist state. dell V6W33 battery
dell G91J0 batteryProtests occurred around the world, with anti-war protesters in Russia being met by mass arrests and greater media censorship. The International Criminal Court (ICC) opened an investigation into crimes against humanity, war crimes, abduction of Ukrainian children, and genocide against Ukrainians. The ICC issued arrest warrants for Putin and other Russian officials.
Background
Further information: Russo-Ukrainian War
Ukraine, with the annexed Crimea in the south and two Russia-backed separatist republics in Donbas in the east up to the 2022 invasion
In 2013, Ukraine’s parliament overwhelmingly approved finalising an association agreement with the European Union (EU), dell 722KK battery
dell T0TRM battery [18] which had been negotiated for several years. Russia put pressure on Ukraine to reject the agreement and imposed economic sanctions on the country.[19] Kremlin adviser Sergei Glazyev warned in September 2013 that if Ukraine signed the EU agreement, Russia would no longer acknowledge Ukraine’s borders.[20]
In November, Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych suddenly withdrew from signing the agreement,[21] choosing closer ties to the Russian-led Eurasian Economic Union instead. This coerced withdrawal triggered a wave of protests known as Euromaidan, culminating in the Revolution of Dignity in February 2014. dell 5TF10 battery
dell JD25G battery Almost 100 protesters were killed. Despite signing an agreement, Yanukovych fled. Parliament voted to remove him and he ended up in Russia.
Russian soldiers with no insignia occupied the Ukrainian territory of Crimea, and seized the Crimean Parliament.[22] Russia annexed Crimea in March 2014, after a widely disputed referendum held under occupation. Pro-Russian protests immediately followed in the Ukrainian cities of Donetsk and Luhansk. dell NYFJH battery
dell TN70C batteryThe war in Donbas began in April 2014 when armed Russian mercenaries led by Igor ‘Strelkov’ Girkin seized Sloviansk and nearby towns.[23][24][25] Russian troops were covertly involved in the fighting.[26] The Minsk agreements, signed in September 2014 and February 2015, aimed to resolve the conflict, but ceasefires and further negotiations repeatedly failed.[27] dell 1FKCC battery
Prelude
Main articles: Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine and Ukraine–NATO relations § Russian opposition to Ukrainian NATO membership
Russian military build-up around Ukraine as of 3 December 2021
Russian military buildup and demands
There was a large Russian military build-up near Ukraine’s borders in March and April 2021,[28] and again in both Russia and Belarus from October 2021 onward.[29] Members of the Russian government, including Putin, denied having plans to attack or invade Ukraine up until the day before the invasion.[30][31dell 4GVMP battery
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While Russian troops massed on Ukraine’s borders, Russia’s proxy forces launched thousands of attacks on Ukrainian forces in the Donbas.[33] Observers from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), which also includes Ukraine and Russia, reported more than 90,000 ceasefire violations throughout 2021; the vast majority in Russian-controlled territory.[34] dell 4K1VM battery
In July 2021, Putin published an essay “On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians”, in which he called Ukraine “historically Russian lands” and claimed there is “no historical basis” for the “idea of Ukrainian people as a nation separate from the Russians”.[35dell C1JKH battery
dell 33YDH battery] Putin was accused of promoting Russian imperialism,[36] historical revisionism and disinformation. Writing in 2024, Michael McFaul and Robert Person described this essay as representing not only “cynical propaganda” but also Putin’s “deeply held and internalized beliefs”.[37] dell 1FF2N battery
Meeting of the NATO-Russia Council on 12 January 2022
In December 2021, Russia issued an ultimatum to the West, which included demands that NATO end all activity in its Eastern European member states and ban Ukraine or any other former Soviet state from ever joining the alliance.[13][38] Russia’s dell 6MT4T battery
dell F3YGT batterygovernment said NATO was a threat and warned of a military response if it followed an “aggressive line”.[39] NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg replied that “Russia has no veto” on whether Ukraine joins, and “has no right to establish a sphere of influence to try to control their neighbours”.[dell 3DDDG battery
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Several Western political analysts suggested Russia knew that its “unrealistic demands” would be rejected,[38] which would give it a pretext to invade.[41] Political scientists Michael McFaul and Robert Person said Russia’s occupation of Crimea and the Donbas since 2014 had already blocked Ukraine’s NATO membership, suggesting that Putin’s real aim was to subjugate Ukraine.[42] dell GJKNX battery
NATO offered to negotiate some of Russia’s demands and to improve military transparency, as long as Russia stopped its troop buildup.[43] The alliance rejected Russia’s demand to keep Ukraine out of NATO forever, pointing out that Russia had signed agreements affirming the right of Ukraine and other countries to join alliances.[44dell 00jv6j battery
dell 0hf250 battery][45] The US proposed that itself and Russia sign an agreement not to station missiles or troops in Ukraine.[44] Putin replied that Russia’s demands had been “ignored”, and the Russian troop buildup continued.[46] dell 00jwgp battery
Western leaders vowed that heavy sanctions would be imposed should Putin choose to invade rather than to negotiate.[47] French president Emmanuel Macron[48] and German Chancellor Olaf Scholz met Putin in February 2022 to dissuade him from invading. According to Scholz, dell 00pd19 battery
dell 0h6k6v batteryPutin told him that Ukraine should not be an independent state.[49] Scholz told Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy to declare Ukraine a neutral country and renounce its aspirations to join NATO. Zelenskyy said Putin had broken agreements and could not be trusted to respect Ukrainian neutrality.[50] Ukraine had been a neutral country in 2014 when Russia occupied Crimea and invaded the Donbas.[51][52] dell 0c5gv2 battery
On 19 February, Zelenskyy made a speech at the Munich Security Conference, calling for Western powers to end their “appeasement” of Putin and give a timeframe for when Ukraine could join NATO.[5dell 0c76h7 battery
dell 0gk5ky battery3] Political analysts Taras Kuzio and Vladimir Socor agree that “when Russia made its decision to invade Ukraine, that country was more remote than ever not only from NATO membership but from any track that might lead to membership”.[54]
Escalation (February 2022)
Further information: Timeline of the war in Donbas (2022)
Luhansk power station after being shelled by Russian-backed forces in the Donbas, 22 February 2022
Fighting in Donbas escalated from 17 February 2022.[55] The Ukrainians and the Russian separatists accused one another of firing into their respective territories.[56][57] On 18 February, the Donetsk and Luhansk people’s republics ordered all civilians to leave their capitals,[58][5dell 0cv4pn battery
dell 0f3ygt battery9][60] although observers noted that full evacuations would take months.[61] Ukrainian media reported a sharp increase in artillery shelling by the Russian-led militants in Donbas as an attempt to provoke the Ukrainian army.[62][63] Separatist leaders warned that Ukraine was about to launch an offensive, but they gave no evidence, dell 0d10h3 battery
dell 0f1ktm battery and The Guardian noted it would be “exceedingly risky” for Ukraine to assault the Donbas while Russian troops were massed on its borders.[64] Zelenskyy said his military would not respond to the provocations.[65]
In the days leading up to the invasion, the Russian government intensified its disinformation campaign. Ukraine and Western leaders accused Russia of staging false flag attacks to give Russia a pretext for invading.[65][64] Russian state media aired fabricated videos that purported to show Ukrainian forces attacking Russians in Donbas; evidence showed that the claimed attacks, explosions, and evacuations were staged by Russia.[66dell 7cjrc battery
dell 39dy5 battery] On 17 February, Russian proxy forces shelled a kindergarten and blamed it on Ukraine, although the kindetgarten was in Ukrainian-held territory.[64] On 21 February, the head of the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) said that Russian forces had killed five Ukrainian “saboteurs” that crossed into Russian territory, capturing one Ukrainian serviceman and destroying two armoured vehicles. dell 7fmxv battery
dell 039dy5 battery The claim was denied by Ukraine and drew warnings that Russia was seeking further justification to start an invasion. The Sunday Times described it as “the first move in Putin’s war plan.”[67][68] dell 8h6wd battery
Tanks of Russian and Russian proxy forces in the Donbas, 23 February 2022
On 21 February,[69] Putin announced that the Russian government would recognise the Donetsk and Luhansk people’s republics.[70] The same evening, Putin directed that Russian troops be deployed to the Donbas, in what he called a “peacekeeping mission”.[71][ dell 8n0t7 battery
dell 35j09 battery72] In the same speech, Putin questioned the validity of the Ukrainian nation, stating that “Modern Ukraine was entirely created by Russia”, views which Michael McFaul and Robert Person, writing in 2024, described as “grotesque”.[37] The 21 February intervention in Donbas was condemned by several members of the UN Security Council; none voiced support.[7dell 8v5gx battery
dell 27w58 battery3] On 22 February, video footage shot in the early morning showed Russian armed forces and tanks moving in the Donbas region.[74] The Federation Council unanimously authorised the use of military force outside Russia.[75]
In response, Zelenskyy ordered the conscription of army reservists;[76] The following day, Ukraine’s parliament proclaimed a 30-day nationwide state of emergency and ordered the mobilisation of all reservists.[77][ dell 09njm1 battery
78][79] Russia began to evacuate its embassy in Kyiv.[80] The websites of the Ukrainian parliament and government, along with banking websites, were hit by DDoS attacks, widely attributed to Russian-backed hackers.[81][82] On the night of 23 February,[83] Zelenskyy gave a speech in Russian in which he appealed to the citizens of Russia to prevent war.[84][8dell 9jrv0 battery
dell 9w9mx battery5] He also refuted Russia’s claims about the presence of neo-Nazis in the Ukrainian government and said that he had no intention of attacking the Donbas region.[86] Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said on 23 February that the separatist leaders in Donetsk and Luhansk had sent a letter to Putin stating that Ukrainian shelling had caused civilian deaths and appealing for Russian military support.[87] dell 9jrv0 battery
In response, Ukraine requested an urgent UN Security Council meeting.[88][89] Half an hour into the emergency meeting, Putin announced the start of military operations in Ukraine. Sergiy Kyslytsya, the Ukrainian representative, subsequently called on the Russian representative, Vasily Nebenzya, to “do everything possible to stop the war” or relinquish his position as president of the UN Security Council; Nebenzya refused.[90][91] dell 9jryt battery
Invasion plans
Putin and his long-time confidant Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu[92]
The Royal United Services Institute reported that Russia’s plan involved defeating Ukraine within ten days and capturing or killing its government, followed by “mopping up” operations; establishing filtration camps for Ukrainians; setting up occupation regimes; executing people involved in the Revolution of Dignity; and lastly annexation.[15][16][1dell g3-15-3500 battery
dell g5-5590-d2785w battery7] The decision to invade was reportedly made by Putin and a small group of war hawks or siloviki in Putin’s inner circle, including national security adviser Nikolai Patrushev and defence minister Sergei Shoigu.[93]
After the start of the invasion, Ukrainian and Western analysts assessed that Putin seemed to have believed that the Russian Armed Forces would be capable of seizing Kyiv within days. This assessment led to the conclusion that “taking Kyiv in three days” had been the original goal of the invasion.[94][95] dell g3-15-3590 battery
dell g5-5590-d2765b battery [96] The narrative of the planned “three day” capture of Kyiv was reinforced by statements by Aleksandr Lukashenko[97][98] and Margarita Simonyan, editor-in-chief of Russian state-controlled broadcaster RT.[99] On 2 March, the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) dell g3-3579 battery
repeated the claim following its release of a video showing a captured Russian soldier claiming that his unit was sent into Ukraine with food supplies for only three days.[100][101] Documents found inside Russian tanks mention how the “special military operation” would conclude in ten days.[1dell compaq 615 battery
dell g5-5590-d1865w battery7] Ukraine also captured “flagship” tanks – as used in parades – along with military parade uniforms, suggesting that Russia expected to stage a victory parade in Kyiv after a swift conquest.[102][103] dell g3-3779 battery
Putin himself asserted back in 2014 that Russian forces “could take Ukraine in two weeks”.[104][105] Three days after the invasion began, RIA Novosti, a Russian state news agency, mistakenly published an article called “Russia’s Coming and the New World”, which had been made in advance in anticipation of a Russian victory; it announced that “Ukraine had returned to Russia”.[106] dell g05h0 battery
[107] Zelenskyy also said that Russia had sent him an ultimatum to step down and be replaced with Viktor Medvedchuk.[108][109]
Putin’s invasion announcement
Main article: On conducting a special military operation
Before 5 a.m. Kyiv time on 24 February, Putin, in another speech, announced a “special military operation”, which effectively declared war on Ukraine.[110] dell g5-15-5587 battery
dell g5-5590-d1785w battery [111] Putin said the operation was to “protect the people” of the Russian-controlled breakaway republics. He baselessly claimed that Russians in the Donbas had “been facing humiliation and genocide perpetrated by the Kyiv regime”, that Ukrainian government officials were neo-Nazis under Western control, that Ukraine was developing nuclear weapons, and that a hostile NATO was building up its forces and military infrastructure in Ukraine.[112] dell g5-15-5590-931wj battery
dell g5-5590-d1785b battery [113] He said Russia sought the “demilitarisation and denazification” of Ukraine, and denied the legitimacy of the Ukrainian state.[113][114] Putin said he had no plans to occupy Ukraine.[112] The invasion began within minutes of Putin’s speech.[110] dell g5-15-5590 battery
Opposing forces
Russia
A Russian MT-LB marked with the “Z” tactical symbol, captured by Ukrainian forces in Luhansk
Russian regular forces involved in the invasion comprised nearly 150,000 troops, organised in about 140 Battalion Tactical Groups.[115] The forces of the Russia-controlled LNR and DNR, and paramilitary forces engaged in the invasion, raised total Russian-controlled forces employed in the campaign to as many as 200,000.[5]
These forces were organised into groups having tactical signs to distinguish them, and were to advance into Ukraine along at least ten different axes of advance. These groups were organised under different Russian military-district command-posts named after the region of Russia in which their respective military-district was located. Two groups commanded by the Eastern Military District were to advance on Kyiv, one group with the tactical sign “V” that was to advance on Kyiv from Belarus (i.e., from the west), dell g5-15-5590 battery
dell g5-5590-d1765b battery and one with the tactical sign “O” that was to advance on Kyiv from the Bryansk region (i.e., from the east), with the goal of surrounding the capital between them. Three groups, all having the tactical sign “Z” and commanded by the Western Military District, dell g5-5590-p82f battery
dell g7-7500 batterywere to advance into Ukraine respectively from Kursk, Belgorod and Voronezh. Groups under the Southern Military District were identified with a “Z in a square” tactical symbol, and, advancing from occupied Crimea, were tasked with surrounding Mariupol, capturing Zaporizhia, seizing Kherson, and crossing the Dnieper river to take Voznesensk.[116]
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Russian regular forces involved in the invasion were equipped with roughly 2,800 tanks ready for combat, with another 400 approximately in the hands of the Russian-controlled proxy forces of the LNR and DNR.[117]
Ukraine
Ukrainian forces at the outbreak of the war comprised roughly 20 combat-ready brigades, of which more than half were located in the east of the country, positioned along the line of contact in the “Joint Forces Operation” zone in Donbas. dell g7-15-7500 battery
dell g7-17-7700 batteryAn additional manoeuvre brigade and two brigades of artillery were located in the Kyiv region, with other forces also deployed in the area of Kharkiv, Dnipro, Sumy, and Odesa. No major combat units were located on the Gomel or Crimean axes.[118] dell g7-15-7588 battery
Ukrainian tank-forces had roughly 900 battle-ready tanks organised in some 30 battalions at the time of the invasion. Most of these tank battalions were formed in the period 2014–2018, when roughly 500 tanks were delivered to the Ukrainian armed forces, mostly reconditioned older tanks rather than new-built tanks, particularly T-64B and T-64-BM tanks. dell g8f6m battery
The tank battalions were spread between Ukraine’s two regular and four reserve armoured brigades, as well as tank units attached to brigades of mechanised, mountain, airborne and marine infantry. In contrast to the direct-fire techniques practised in most armoured forces, Ukrainian forces had, dell g15-5510 battery
dell g16-7630 battery based on their experience during the war in Donbas, developed a technique of using tanks in the indirect-fire role. This meant Ukrainian tank forces acting essentially as mobile artillery that did not require the kind of screening that traditional artillery units require.[117] dell g15-5515 battery
Events
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (24 February – 7 April 2022).
For a more comprehensive list, see List of military engagements during the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present). dell g15-5521 battery
The invasion began at dawn on 24 February.[110][119] Fighting began in Luhansk Oblast at 3:40 a.m. Kyiv time near Milove on the border with Russia.[120] The main infantry and tank attacks were launched in four spearheads, creating a northern front launched towards Kyiv from Belarus, dell g15-5525 battery
dell g15-5535 batterya southern front from Crimea, a southeastern front from Russian-controlled Donbas, and an eastern front from Russia towards Kharkiv and Sumy.[121] Russian vehicles were subsequently marked with a white Z military symbol (a non-Cyrillic letter), believed to be a measure to prevent friendly fire.[122]
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Immediately after the invasion began, Zelenskyy declared martial law in Ukraine in a first video speech.[123] The same evening, he ordered a general mobilisation of all Ukrainian males between 18 and 60 years old,[124] prohibiting them from leaving the country.[12dell inspiron 13-5370-0583 battery
dell inspiron 14-5420 battery5] Wagner Group mercenaries and Kadyrovites contracted by the Kremlin reportedly made several attempts to assassinate Zelenskyy, including an operation involving several hundred mercenaries meant to infiltrate Kyiv with the aim of killing the Ukrainian president.[126] The Ukrainian government said anti-war officials within Russia’s FSB shared the plans with them.[12dell inspiron 13–5368 battery
dell inspiron 14-5410 battery7] Zelenskyy appeared defiant in video messages on 24 through 26 February, that he and his cabinet is still in Kyiv. On 26 February NATO met and its countries pledged military aid for Ukraine and on 27 February Germany called the invasion a historic watershed.[128] That day in the evening Putin put Russia’s nuclear deterrence into alert.[129] dell inspiron 13-5370 battery
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The Russian invasion was unexpectedly met by fierce Ukrainian resistance.[130] In Kyiv, Russia failed to take the city and was repulsed in the battles of Irpin, Hostomel, and Bucha. The Russians tried to encircle the capital, but its defenders under Oleksandr Syrskyi held their ground, effectively using Western Javelin anti-tank missiles and dell inspiron 13–5378 battery
dell inspiron 14-5410-2-in-1 batteryStinger anti-aircraft missiles to thin Russian supply lines and stall the offensive.[131]
Russian troops in Novoaidar. The settlement was captured on 3 March 2022.
On the southern front, Russian forces had captured the regional capital of Kherson by 2 March. A column of Russian tanks and armoured vehicles was ambushed on 9 March outside of Brovary and sustained heavy losses that forced them to retreat.[132] The Russian army adopted siege tactics on the western front around the key cities of Chernihiv, Sumy and Kharkiv, but failed to capture them due to stiff resistance and logistical setbacks.[13dell inspiron 13-5379-2-in-1 battery
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dell inspiron 14-5409 battery3] In Mykolaiv Oblast, Russian forces advanced as far as Voznesensk, but were repelled and pushed back south of Mykolaiv. On 25 March, the Russian Defence Ministry stated that the first stage of the “military operation” in Ukraine was “generally complete”, that the Ukrainian military forces had suffered serious losses, and the Russian military would now concentrate on the “liberation of Donbas.”[1dell inspiron 13-7370 battery
dell inspiron 14-5408 battery34] The “first stage” of the invasion was conducted on four fronts, including one towards western Kyiv from Belarus by the Russian Eastern Military District, comprising the 29th, 35th, and 36th Combined Arms Armies. A second axis, deployed towards eastern Kyiv from Russia by the Central Military District (northeastern front), comprised the 41st Combined Arms Army and the 2nd Guards Combined Arms Army.[135] dell inspiron 13-7373-2-in-1 battery
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A third axis was deployed towards Kharkiv by the Western Military District (eastern front), with the 1st Guards Tank Army and 20th Combined Arms Army. A fourth, southern front originating in occupied Crimea and Russia’s Rostov oblast with an eastern axis towards Odesa and a western area of operations toward Mariupol was opened by the Southern Military District, idell inspiron 13-7375-2-in-1 battery
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dell inspiron 14-5401 batteryncluding the 58th, 49th, and 8th Combined Arms Army, the latter also commanding the 1st and 2nd Army Corps of the Russian separatist forces in Donbas.[135] By 7 April, Russian troops deployed to the northern front by the Russian Eastern Military District pulled back from the Kyiv offensive, dell inspiron 14-5447 battery
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dell inspiron 13-7386 battery reportedly to resupply and redeploy to the Donbas region in an effort to reinforce the renewed invasion of southeastern Ukraine. The northeastern front, including the Central Military District, was similarly withdrawn for resupply and redeployment to southeastern Ukraine.[135][136]
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Kyiv and northern front
Further information: Capture of Chernobyl, Battle of Kyiv (2022), and Bucha massacre
Military control around Kyiv on 2 April 2022
Russian efforts to capture Kyiv included a probative spearhead on 24 February, from Belarus south along the west bank of the Dnipro River. The apparent intent was to encircle the city from the west, supported by two separate axes of attack from Russia along the east bank of the Dnipro: dell inspiron 14-5448 battery
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the western at Chernihiv, and from the east at Sumy. These were likely intended to encircle Kyiv from the northeast and east.[137]
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Russia tried to seize Kyiv quickly, with Spetsnaz infiltrating into the city supported by airborne operations and a rapid mechanised advance from the north, but failed.[138][139] The United States contacted Zelenskyy and offered to help him flee the country, lest the Russian Army attempt to kidnap or kill him on seizing Kyiv; Zelenskyy responded that “The fight is here; I need ammunition, not a ride.”[140dell inspiron 14-7405-2-in-1 battery
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] The Washington Post, which described the quote as “one of the most-cited lines of the Russian invasion”, was not entirely sure of the comment’s accuracy. Reporter Glenn Kessler said it came from “a single source, but on the surface it appears to be a good one”.[141] Russian forces advancing on Kyiv from Belarus gained control of the ghost town of Chernobyl.[1dell inspiron 14-7405-2-in-1 battery
42] Russian Airborne Forces attempted to seize two key airfields near Kyiv, launching an airborne assault on Antonov Airport,[143] and a similar landing at Vasylkiv, near Vasylkiv Air Base, on 26 February.[144] dell inspiron 14-7425-2-in-1 battery
The Antonov An-225 Mriya, the largest aircraft ever built, was destroyed during the Battle of Antonov Airport.
By early March, further Russian advances along the west side of the Dnipro were limited, after suffering setbacks from Ukrainian defence.[137] As of 5 March, a large Russian convoy, reportedly 64 kilometres (40 mi) dell inspiron 14-7437 battery
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in length, had made little progress toward Kyiv.[145] The London-based think tank Royal United Services Institute (RUSI) assessed the Russian performance from the north and east as “stalled”.[14dell inspiron 15-3515 battery
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6] Advances along the Chernihiv axis had largely halted as a siege of the city began. Russian forces also continued advancing from the northwest of Kyiv, capturing Bucha, Hostomel, and Vorzel by 5 March,[147][148] though Irpin remained contested as of 9 March.[149dell inspiron 15-3530 battery
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] By 11 March, it was reported that the lengthy convoy had largely dispersed, taking up positions that offered tree cover. Rocket launchers were also identified.[150] On 16 March, Ukrainian forces began a counter-offensive to repel Russian forces approaching Kyiv from several surrounding cities.[151] dell inspiron 15-5501 battery
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By 20 March, the Russian military appeared to be waging a rapid invasion to achieve its apparent primary goal of the seizure of Kyiv, along with the occupation of Eastern Ukraine and the overthrow of the Ukrainian government. Russian forces quickly became stalled while approaching Kyiv due to several factors, including the disparity in morale and performance between Ukrainian and Russian forces, dell inspiron 15-5508 battery
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the Ukrainian use of sophisticated man-portable weapons provided by Western allies, poor Russian logistics and equipment performance, the failure of the Russian Air Force to achieve air superiority, and Russian military attrition during their siege of major cities.[138][152][1dell inspiron 15-5510 battery
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39] Unable to achieve a quick victory in Kyiv, Russian forces switched strategies and began using standoff weapons, indiscriminate bombing, and siege warfare.[138][153][154]
On 25 March, the Ukrainian counteroffensive in Kyiv resulted in several towns, including Makariv,[1dell inspiron 15-5518 battery
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55] being retaken to the east and west of Kyiv.[156] As part of a general retreat of Russian forces north of Kyiv, as well as attacks on Russian formations by the Ukrainian military, Russian troops in the Bucha area retreated north by the end of March. Ukrainian forces entered the city on 1 April.[157dell inspiron 15-5547 battery
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] Ukraine claimed to recapture the entire region around Kyiv, including Irpin, Bucha, and Hostomel, by 2 April, with evidence of war crimes being uncovered in Bucha.[158] On 6 April, NATO secretary general Jens Stoltenberg said that the Russian “retraction, resupply, and redeployment” of their troops from the Kyiv area should be interpreted as dell inspiron 15-5557 battery
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an expansion of Putin’s plans for his military actions against Ukraine, by redeploying and concentrating his forces on Eastern Ukraine and Mariupol within the next two weeks, as a precursor to the further expansion of Putin’s actions against the rest of Ukraine.[136] dell inspiron 15-5565 battery
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Northeastern front
Further information: Siege of Chernihiv and Battle of Sumy
See also: Russian occupation of Sumy Oblast
Russian forces advanced into Chernihiv Oblast on 24 February, besieging its administrative capital within four days of fighting. On 25 February Ukrainian forces lost control over Konotop.[159][16dell inspiron 15-5567 battery
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0] As street fighting took place in the city of Sumy, just 35 kilometres (22 mi) from the Russo-Ukrainian border, Ukrainian forces claimed that on 28 February that 100 Russian armoured vehicles had been destroyed and dozens of soldiers captured following a Bayraktar TB2 drone and artillery attack on a large Russian column near Lebedyn in Sumy Oblast.[1 dell inspiron 15-5568-2-in-1 battery
61] Russian forces also attacked Okhtyrka, deploying thermobaric weapons.[162]
On 4 March, Frederick Kagan wrote that the Sumy axis was then “the most successful and dangerous Russian avenue of advance on Kyiv”, and commented that the geography favoured mechanised advances as the terrain “is flat and sparsely populated, offering few good defensive positions”.[1dell inspiron 15-5579 battery
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37] Travelling along highways, Russian forces reached Brovary, an eastern suburb of Kyiv, on 4 March.[137] The Pentagon confirmed on 6 April that the Russian army had left Chernihiv Oblast, but Sumy Oblast remained contested.[163] On 7 April, the governor of Sumy Oblast said that Russian troops were gone, but had left behind rigged explosives and other hazards.[164]
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Southern front
Further information: Siege of Mariupol, 2022 bombing of Odesa, Battle of Kherson, and Battle of Enerhodar
See also: Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast and Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast
A destroyed Russian BMP-3 near Mariupol, 7 March 2022
On 24 February, Russian forces took control of the North Crimean Canal, allowing Crimea to obtain water from the Dnieper, which had been cut off since 2014.[165] On 26 February, the siege of Mariupol began as the attack moved east linking to separatist-held Donbas.[162dell inspiron 15-5583 battery
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dell inspiron 15-7591 battery][166] En route, Russian forces entered Berdiansk and captured it.[167] On 25 February, Russian units from the DPR were fighting near Pavlopil as they moved on Mariupol.[168] By evening, the Russian Navy began an amphibious assault on the coast of the Sea of Azov 70 kilometres (43 mi) west of Mariupol. A US defence official said that Russian forces were deploying thousands of marines from this beachhead.[169] dell inspiron 15-5585 battery
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The Russian 22nd Army Corps approached the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant on 26 February[170] and besieged Enerhodar. A fire began,[171][172] but the Ukrainian military said that essential equipment was undamaged.[17dell inspiron 15-7537-p36f battery
3] A third Russian attack group from Crimea moved northwest and captured the bridge over the Dnieper.[174] On 2 March, Russian troops took Kherson; this was the first major city to fall to Russian forces.[175] Russian troops moved on Mykolaiv and attacked it two days later. They were repelled by Ukrainian forces.[176]
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After renewed missile attacks on 14 March in Mariupol, the Ukrainian government said more than 2,500 had died.[177] By 18 March, Mariupol was completely encircled and fighting reached the city centre, hampering efforts to evacuate civilians.[178] On 20 March, an art school sheltering around 400 people, was destroyed by Russian bombs.[179] The Russians demanded surrender, and the Ukrainians refused.[121][180] On 27 March, Ukrainian deputy prime minister Olha Stefanishyna said that “(m)ore than 85 percent of the whole town is destroyed.”[181] dell inspiron 15-7537 battery
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Putin told Emmanuel Macron in a phone call on 29 March that the bombardment of Mariupol would only end when the Ukrainians surrendered.[182] On 1 April, Russian troops refused safe passage into Mariupol to 50 buses sent by the United Nations to evacuate civilians, as peace talks continued in Istanbul.[18dell inspiron 15-7548-7286slv battery
dell inspiron 15-7577 battery3] On 3 April, following the retreat of Russian forces from Kyiv, Russia expanded its attack on southern Ukraine further west, with bombardment and strikes against Odesa, Mykolaiv, and the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant.[184][185] dell inspiron 15-7548 battery
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Eastern front
Further information: Battle of Kharkiv (2022), Battle of Izium, and Millerovo air base attack
See also: Russian occupation of Kharkiv Oblast
Russian bombardment on the outskirts of Kharkiv, 1 March 2022
In the east, Russian troops attempted to capture Kharkiv, less than 35 kilometres (22 mi) from the Russian border,[186] and met strong Ukrainian resistance. On 25 February, the Millerovo air base was attacked by Ukrainian military forces with OTR-21 Tochka dell inspiron 15-7559 battery
dell inspiron 15-7577 batterymissiles, which according to Ukrainian officials, destroyed several Russian Air Force planes and started a fire.[187] On 1 March, Denis Pushilin, head of the DPR, announced that DPR forces had almost completely surrounded the city of Volnovakha.[188] dell inspiron 15-7559 battery
dell inspiron 15-7567 battery On 2 March, Russian forces were repelled from Sievierodonetsk during an attack against the city.[189] On the same day, Ukrainian forces initiated a counter-offensive on Horlivka,[190] controlled by the DPR.[191] Izium was captured by Russian forces on 1 April[192] after a monthlong battle.[193]
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On 25 March, the Russian defence ministry said it would seek to occupy major cities in eastern Ukraine.[194] On 31 March, PBS News reported renewed shelling and missile attacks in Kharkiv, as bad or worse than before, as peace talks with Russia were to resume in Istanbul.[195dell inspiron 5594 battery
Amid the heightened Russian shelling of Kharkiv on 31 March, Russia reported a helicopter strike against an oil supply depot approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi) north of the border in Belgorod, and accused Ukraine of the attack.[196] Ukraine denied responsibility.[197dell inspiron 5598 battery
] By 7 April, the renewed massing of Russian invasion troops and tank divisions around the towns of Izium, Sloviansk, and Kramatorsk prompted Ukrainian government officials to advise the remaining residents near the eastern border of Ukraine to evacuate to western Ukraine within 2–3 days, given the absence of arms and munitions previously promised to Ukraine by then.[198] dell inspiron 5765 battery
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Western Ukraine
On 14 March, Russian forces conducted multiple cruise missile attacks on a military training facility in Yavoriv, Lviv Oblast, close to the Polish border. Local governor Maksym Kozytskyy reported that at least 35 people had been killed in the attacks.[199][ dell inspiron 5770 battery
dell inspiron 7353 battery200] On 18 March, Russia expanded the attack to Lviv, with Ukrainian military officials saying initial information suggested that the missiles which hit Lviv were likely air-launched cruise missiles originating from warplanes flying over the Black Sea.[201]
Air conflict
On 24 February, Russian forces attacked the Chuhuiv air base,[202] which housed Bayraktar TB2 drones. The attack caused damage to fuel storage areas and infrastructure. dell inspiron 7300-2-in-1 battery
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dell inspiron 7353-2-in-1 battery [203] The next day, the Millerovo air base was attacked by Ukrainian military forces using OTR-21 Tochka missiles. According to Ukrainian officials, this destroyed several Russian Air Force planes and set the airbase on fire. In the Zhytomyr Airport attack on 27 February, it was reported that Russia used 9K720 Iskander missile systems, located in Belarus, to attack the civilian Zhytomyr Airport.[204] dell compaq 615 battery
dell inspiron 7352 battery [205] Russia lost at least ten aircraft on 5 March.[206] On 6 March, the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine reported that 88 Russian aircraft had been destroyed since the war began.[207] However, an anonymous senior US defence official told Reuters on 7 March that Russia still had the “vast majority” of its fighter jets and helicopters that had been amassed near Ukraine available to fly.[208] dell inspiron 7347 battery
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dell inspiron 7348 batteryAfter the first month of the invasion, Justin Bronk, a British military observer, counted the Russian aircraft losses at 15 fixed-wing aircraft and 35 helicopters, but noted that the true total was certainly higher.[209]
On 13 March, Russian forces conducted multiple cruise missile attacks on a military training facility in Yavoriv, Lviv Oblast, close to the Polish border. Local governor Maksym Kozytskyy reported that at least 35 people had been killed in the attacks.[199][20dell latitude 3120 battery
dell latitude 5280 battery0] The poor performance of the Russian Air Force has been attributed by The Economist to Russia’s inability to suppress Ukraine’s medium ranged surface-to-air missile (SAM) batteries, Russia’s lack of precision-guided bombs, together with Ukrainian mid-range SAM sites that force planes to fly low, making them vulnerable to Stinger and other shoulder-launched surface-to-air missiles, and lack of training and flight hours for Russian pilots rendering them inexperienced for the type of close ground support missions typical of modern air forces.[210] dell latitude 3180 battery
“Russian warship go fuck yourself!”, billboard in Russian language in Dnipro, Ukraine
Naval conflict
Ukraine lies on the Black Sea, which only has access through the Turkish-held Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits. On 28 February, Turkey invoked the 1936 Montreux Convention and sealed off the straits to Russian warships not registered as having Black Sea home bases and not returning to their ports of origin. This prevented the passage of four Russian naval vessels through the Turkish Straits.[211][ dell compaq 615 battery
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dell latitude 3588 battery212][213]
On 24 February, the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine announced that an attack on Snake Island by Russian Navy ships had begun.[214] The cruiser Moskva and patrol boat Vasily Bykov bombarded the island with their deck guns.[215] When the Russian warship identified itself and instructed the Ukrainian soldiers stationed on the island to surrender, their response was “Russian warship, go fuck yourself!”[216dell latitude 3190 battery
dell latitude 3550 battery][217] After the bombardment, a detachment of Russian soldiers landed and took control of Snake Island.[218]
Russia stated on 26 February that US drones were supplying intelligence to the Ukrainian navy to help target Russian warships in the Black Sea, which the US denied.[219] dell latitude 3301 battery
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By 3 March, the Ukrainian frigate Hetman Sahaidachny, the flagship of the Ukrainian navy, was scuttled in Mykolaiv to prevent its capture by Russian forces.[220][221][222] On 14 March, the Russian source RT reported that the Russian Armed Forces had captured about a dozen Ukrainian ships in Berdiansk, including the Polnocny-class landing ship Yuri Olefirenko.[22dell latitude 3320 battery
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dell latitude 3510 battery3] On 24 March, Ukrainian officials said that a Russian landing ship docked in Berdiansk was destroyed by a Ukrainian rocket attack.[224][156][167]
Analysis of the invasion
Russian forces
Remnants of a destroyed Russian column on 27 February in Bucha
Military analysts have been highly critical of the Russian plan of invasion. Writing in 2024, Michael Kofman attributed the failure of the Russian invasion to “unworkable concept of operations, which did not anticipate or plan to engage an organised and sustained Ukrainian defence”, dell latitude 3380 battery
dell latitude 3490 batteryand attacked the road-bound deployment of Russian forces during the invasion, as well as the excessive reliance of the invasion plan on subversion and special operations such as the airborne attack at Hostomel. Kofman also criticised the use of “thunder runs” similar to those used by US forces in the 2003 Iraq war, in an environment where resistance to such attempts to go around urban centres was likely to be far higher.[225] dell latitude 3390-2-in-1 battery
dell latitude 3488 battery The November 2022 Royal United Services Institute (RUSI) report on the invasion also criticised the invasion plan as being based on “false assumptions”, and spreading Russian forces too thinly across too many objectives, with insufficient contingency-planning for what to do if things went wrong. Netherless, dell latitude 3400 battery
dell latitude 3480 batteryRUSI also stated that “If competently executed, these plans could have succeeded”.[226]
Writing in 2024 in the Journal of Strategic Studies, analysts from the Swiss Military Academy at ETH Zurich characterised the invasion plan as being “predicated on a rapid, decisive overthrow of the government in Kyiv, presuming minimal resistance”. They also criticised what they saw as the excessively rigid, Soviet-style command structure and operational planning of Russian forces during the invasion.[227] dell latitude 3410 battery
Russian air forces during the campaign were described by military analyst Sean M. Wiswesser, writing in 2023 in the Small Wars & Insurgencies journal, as having “bungled air operations from the outset of the war”.[2dell latitude 3420 battery
dell latitude 3450 battery28] Wiswesser described the Russian air forces as having “settled largely for a ‘tie’” during the period of the invasion.[229]
The force-structure of Russian forces during the invasion has also been criticised, particularly the use of battalion tactical groups (BTGs), which proved brittle once Ukrainian resistance was met. Writing in 2025, dell latitude 5285-2-in-1 battery
dell latitude 5400 battery Alexander Hill, professor of military history at the University of Calgary, described Russian BTGs as lacking “the requisite level of infantry (and indeed artillery) support for their armour that was being unimaginatively funnelled down relatively narrow axes of advance”, and stated that Russian officers “struggled to command multiple BTGs to good effect”.[230] dell latitude 5289-2-in-1 battery
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Ukrainian forces
Civilians in Kyiv preparing Molotov cocktails, 26 February
Whilst praising Ukraine’s resistance to the invasion, analysts have also identified deficiencies in the deployment of Ukrainian forces before the invasion. According to Kofman, Ukrainian forces proved flexible in comparison to the rigid deployment of Russian forces, but Ukrainian forces were overly concentrated in the east, “leaving the capital almost completely undefended”, meaning that only “[an] eleventh-hour sortie … saved the armed forces from catastrophic losses”.[22dell latitude 5300-2-in-1 battery
5] Similarly RUSI state that the “Russian deception plan was largely successful” in drawing Ukrainian forces towards Donbas, including a failure to deploy any major units to defend the approach from the Crimea, though RUSI also note that this came at the cost of Russian troops being insufficiently briefed before the invasion. At the tactical level, however, RUSI assessed Ukrainian forces as comprising “units which had been psychologically and practically preparing for this fight for eight years”.[2dell latitude 5300-2-in-1 battery
dell latitude 5330 battery31] Alexander Hill described Ukrainian forces as having undergone a transformation since the fighting of 2014, and having become “a stubborn opponent that was typically difficult [for Russian troops] to dislodge”.[232]
Aftermath
Main article: Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)
Further information: Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts
Ukrainian regions annexed by Russia since 2014 (Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol) and 2022 (others). The 2022 annexation created a strategic land bridge between Crimea and Russia. dell latitude 5300-2-in-1 battery
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Russia abandoned the attempt to take Kyiv in early April, but a lasting state of war between Russia and Ukraine remained, with Russia capturing Mariupol by 20 May 2022,[233]
dell latitude 5310 batteryand maintaining an occupation of large portions of four Ukrainian oblasts—Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporizhzhia. In August, Ukrainian forces began liberating territories in the north-east and south. dell latitude 5300 battery
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On 30 September 2022, Russia declared the annexation of the four partially-occupied oblasts, which was internationally condemned. Most of Luhansk Oblast and part of Donetsk Oblast had been controlled by pro-Russian separatists since 2014, while the Kherson and Zaporizhzhia oblasts were invaded by Russia in 2022. The boundaries of the areas to be annexed and their borders were not defined; Russian officials stated that they would be defined later. dell latitude 5401 battery
dell latitude 5520 batteryNone of the oblasts were fully under Russian control at the time of the declaration, nor since. If limited to the areas then under Russian control (about 90,000 km2 or 15% of Ukraine’s territory, roughly the size of Portugal) the annexation would still be the largest in Europe since World War II.[2dell latitude 5411 battery
dell latitude 7290 battery34] In other respects as well—in terms of the scale and intensity of hostilities,[235] and the number of casualties[236]—after the invasion, the war became the biggest war in Europe since World War II.[237]
From then through 2023, Russian offensives and Ukrainian counteroffensives gained only small amounts of territory. The war has also led to attacks in Russia by Ukrainian and Ukrainian-backed forces, among them a cross-border offensive into Russia’s Kursk region in August 2024. Russia has repeatedly carried out deliberate and indiscriminate attacks on civilians far from the frontline.[238][2dell latitude 5420 battery
dell latitude 5511 battery39][240] The International Criminal Court (ICC) opened an investigation into war crimes and issued arrest warrants for Putin and several other Russian officials.
International reactions
Main article: Reactions to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
See also: Protests against the Russian invasion of Ukraine
UN General Assembly Resolution ES-11/1 vote on 2 March 2022 condemning the invasion of Ukraine and demanding a complete withdrawal of Russian troops
In favour
Against
Abstained
Absent
Non-member
The invasion received widespread international condemnation from governments and intergovernmental organisations.[241] On 2 March 2022 and on 23 February 2023, 141 member states of the UN General Assembly voted for a resolution saying that Russia should immediately withdraw. Seven, including Russia, voted against the measure.[242] Political reactions to the invasion included new sanctions imposed on Russia, which triggered widespread economic effects on the Russian and world economies.[243dell latitude 5440 battery
dell latitude 5495 battery] Sanctions forced Russia to reorient its oil exports to non-sanctioning countries such as India, rely more on LNG (which was not subject to European Union sanctions), and shift its coal exports from Europe to Asia.[244] Most European countries cancelled nuclear cooperation with Russia.[245] dell latitude 5450 battery
Over seventy sovereign states and the European Union delivered humanitarian aid to Ukraine, and nearly fifty countries plus the EU provided military aid.[246] Economic sanctions included a ban on Russian aircraft using EU airspace,[247] a ban of certain Russian banks from the SWIFT international payments system, and a ban on certain Russian media outlets.[2dell latitude 5480 battery
dell latitude 5490 battery48] Reactions to the invasion have included public response, media responses, peace efforts, and the examination of the legal implications of the invasion.
Some countries, particularly in the Global South, saw public sympathy or outright support for Russia, due in part to distrust of US foreign policy.[249] Protests and demonstrations were held worldwide, including some in Russia and parts of Ukraine occupied by Russia.[250] dell latitude 5521 battery
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dell latitude 9520 battery Calls for a boycott of Russian goods spread on social media platforms,[251] while hackers attacked Russian websites, particularly those operated by the Russian government.[252] Anti-Russian sentiment against Russians living abroad surged after the invasion.[253] In March 2022, Russian president Putin introduced prison sentences of up to 15 years for publishing “fake news” about Russian military operations,[254] intended to suppress any criticism related to the war.[255]
In March 2022, Antwerp mayor Bart De Wever said that Russian President Vladimir Putin will not end Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, as he is a “psychopath” and a “madman”.[256] De Wever had earlier assessed that Vladimir Putin and Adolf Hitler were similarly motivated: “Germany was humiliated after the First World War, dell latitude 5530 battery
dell latitude 9430-2-in-1 battery Russia after the Cold War. In both countries, an autocratic leader emerged with a clear ambition: to undo the humiliation. In Germany, it was Hitler, in Russia, Putin.”[257] De Wever went on to explain that this humiliation was taken personally by both men, dell latitude 5540 battery
dell latitude 9410 batterywho had each professionally represented their respective countries (Hitler as a soldier, and Putin as a KGB agent): “Both then unexpectedly resorted to irrational behavior. What the Sudetenland was to Hitler, Crimea was to Putin. There are many similarities.”[258] dell latitude 5580 battery
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